Lisbon

Spring (Mar–May): Mild, blossoming, low-to-moderate crowds. Great walking weather; Easter and film/music events pop up. Shoulder season with good hotel rates. Summer (Jun–Aug): Hot, sunny, busiest time. Peak tourism and higher prices. June’s Festas de Lisboa (Santo António) brings lively street parties, grilled sardines and parades; major music festivals (NOS Alive, Rock in Rio some years) in July. Autumn (Sep–Nov): Warm early, cooling and wetter later. Shoulder/early off-peak—September and October offer warm sea, fewer crowds and lower prices, ideal for sightseeing. Winter (Dec–Feb): Mild but rainy and quiet. Off-peak with the lowest prices, Christmas markets and New Year festivities; Carnival (Feb/March some years) can add local color.